Niger
![Rock engraving showing herds of giraffe, [[ibex](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/1997_278-10_Sahara_glyph.jpg)
Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the Kanem–Bornu Empire and the Mali Empire before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the Sultanate of Agadez and the Songhai Empire. It was colonized by France during the Scramble for Africa as part of French West Africa, becoming a distinct colony in 1922. Since obtaining independence in 1960, Niger has experienced five coups d'état and four periods of military rule. Niger's seventh and most recent constitution was enacted in 2010, establishing a multiparty, unitary semi-presidential system. Following the most recent coup in 2023, the country is once again under a military junta.
Its society reflects a diversity drawn from the independent histories of some ethnic groups and regions and their period living in a single state. The Hausa are the country's largest ethnic group, making up more than half the population. French is the country's official language, and ten indigenous languages have the status of national language.
According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report of 2023, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Some non-desert portions of the country undergo periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export agriculture in the less arid south, and the export of raw materials, including uranium ore. It faces challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, low literacy rate, jihadist insurgencies, and the world's highest fertility rates due to birth control not being used and the resulting rapid population growth. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Niger
Published 1848
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2by Niger“...Niger Commission électorale nationale indépendante...”
Published 1996
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3by NigerOther Authors: “...Petrus Niger, approximately 1434-1483...”
Published 1475
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4by Niger
Published 1987
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8by Madrigal, Niger, Madrigal, Níger, Madrigal, Níger, 1962-, Madrigal, Níger, 1962-, Madrigal, Níger, 1962-
Published 1991
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10by Madrigal, Níger, 1962-, Madrigal, Níger, 1962-, Madrigal, Níger, 1962-, Madrigal, Níger, 1962-
Published 1994
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14by Niger, Franciscus
Published 1490
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15by Niger, Franciscus
Published 1480
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16by Niger, Franciscus
Published 1498
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17by Niger, Petrus
Published 1475
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19by Niger, Yves
Published 2010
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