Preventing disease through healthy environments : a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks /
"The main message emerging from this new comprehensive global assessment is that premature death and disease can be prevented through healthier environments--and to a significant degree. Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazar...
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Geneva, Switzerland :
World Health Organization,
[2016]
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| Edition: | [Second edition] |
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Table of Contents:
- Acronyms and abbreviations
- Preface
- Executive summary
- 1 Introduction
- 2. Methods: Estimating the environmental burden of disease
- The environment: A contextual determinant of health
- The link with social determinants of health
- What is meant by the population attributable fraction of a risk factor?
- Estimating the population attributable fraction
- Comparative risk assessment
- Calculations based on limited epidemiological data
- Disease transmission pathway
- Expert survey
- Combining risk factors for individual diseases
- Estimating the burden of disease attributable to the environment
- Estimating uncertainties
- 3. Results: A systematic analysis of fractions attributable to the environment, by disease Infectious and parasitic diseases
- Infectious and parasitic diseases
- Respiratory infections
- Diarrhoeal diseases
- Intestinal nematode infections
- Malaria
- Trachoma
- Schistosomiasis
- Chagas disease
- Lymphatic filariasis
- Onchocerciasis
- Leishmaniasis
- Dengue
- Japanese encephalitis
- HIV/AIDS
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- Hepatitis B and C
- Tuberculosis
- Other infectious and parasitic diseases
- Neonatal and nutritional conditions
- Neonatal conditions
- Protein-energy malnutrition
- Noncommunicable diseases
- Cancers
- Mental, behavioural and neurological disorders
- Cataracts
- Hearing loss
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Asthma
- Musculoskeletal diseases
- Congenital anomalies
- Other noncommunicable diseases
- Risks factors for noncommunicable diseases from other areas but related to the environment
- Overweight and obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Unintentional injuries
- Road traffic accidents
- Unintentional poisonings
- Falls
- Fires, heat and hot substances
- Drownings
- Other unintentional injuries
- Intentional injuries
- Self-harm
- Interpersonal violence
- The link between the environment and demographics
- Global results of the analysis by disease and population subgroups
- Disease specific results
- Age differences
- Gender differences
- Regional and country differences
- Trends
- 4. Discussion: Leveraging environment-health links
- Environment, health and the Sustainable Development Goals
- Strengths and weaknesses of the analysis
- 5. Conclusion: Towards healthy environments
- Key findings
- Reducing the burden of unhealthy environments.
- Annexes
- Annex 1 WHO Member States and country groupings by income region
- Annex 2. Results tables
- Annex 3:. Technical annex on methods
- Annex 3.1. Calculation of population attributable fractions
- Annex 3.2. Combination of risk factors for one disease: Additional information
- Annex 3.3. Additional information on estimation of PAFs for selected diseases
- References
- Acknowledgements
- Photo credits.