Modeling Indoor Air Pollution
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Singapore :
World Scientific Publishing Company,
2009
|
| Edition: | 1st ed |
| Subjects: |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Preface
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 What is Indoor Air Pollution
- 1.2 Ventilation Systems
- 1.3 Exposure Risks
- 1.4 Numerical Modeling of Indoor Air Flow.
- 1.5 Comments
- 2. Fluid Flow Fundamentals
- 2.1 Conservation Equations
- 2.2 Ideal Fluids
- 2.2.1 Conformal mapping.
- 2.2.2 Schwarz-Christoffel transform.
- 2.2.3 Numerical mapping.
- 2.2.4 Superposition for stream functions.
- 2.3 Turbulence.
- 2.4 Species Transport.
- 2.5 Comments
- 3. Contaminant Sources
- 3.1 Types of Contaminants
- 3.2 Units
- 3.3 Materials
- 3.4 Typical Operations.
- 3.5 The Diffusion Equation.
- 3.6 Diffusion in Air
- 3.7 Evaporation of Droplets
- 3.8 Resuspension of Particulate
- 3.9 Coagulation of Particulate
- 3.10 Comments
- 4. Assessment Criteria
- 4.1 Exposure
- 4.2 Economics
- 4.3 Comments
- 5. Simple Modeling Techniques
- 5.1 Analytical Tools
- 5.2 Advection Model
- 5.3 Box Model.
- 5.4 Comments
- 6. Dynamics of Particles, Gases and Vapors
- 6.1 Drag, Shape, and Size of Particles
- 6.2 Particle Motion.
- 6.2.1 Deposition of particulate with aerodynamic diameters >
- 1μ by settling
- 6.2.2 Particle motion in electrostatic field.
- 6.2.3 Particle motion induced by temperature gradients.
- 6.2.4 Thermophoretic motion for gases and particles with diameter less than the molecular mean free path
- 6.2.5 Thermophoretic transport for particles with diameter greater than the molecular mean free path
- 6.3 Particle Flow in Inlets and Flanges.
- 6.4 Comments
- 7. Numerical Modeling - Conventional Techniques
- 7.1 Finite Difference Method
- 7.1.1 Explicit
- 7.1.2 Implicit
- 7.1.3 Upwinding.
- 7.2 Finite Volume Method
- 7.2.1 FDM.
- 7.2.2 FVM.
- 7.3 The Finite Element Method
- 7.3.1 One-dimensional elements.
- 7.3.1.1 Linear element
- 7.3.1.2 Quadratic and higher order elements
- 7.3.2 Two-dimensional elements
- 7.3.2.1 Triangular elements
- 7.3.2.2 Quadrilateral elements.
- 7.3.2.3 Isoparametric elements
- 7.3.3 Three-dimensional elements
- 7.3.4 Quadrature.
- 7.3.5 Time dependence.
- 7.3.6 Petrov-Galerkin method.
- 7.3.7 Mesh generation.
- 7.3.8 Bandwidth.
- 7.3.9 Adaptation.
- 7.3.9.1 Element subdivision.
- 7.4 Further CFD Examples
- 7.5 Model Verification and Validation
- 7.6 Comments
- 8. Numerical Modeling - Advanced Techniques
- 8.1 Boundary Element Method.
- 8.2 Lagrangian Particle Technique
- 8.3 Particle-in-cell.
- 8.4 Meshless Method
- 8.4.1 Application of meshless methods
- 8.4.1.1 Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) techniques including Kernel Particle Methods (RKPM), and general kernel reproduction methods (GKR)
- 8.4.1.2 Meshless Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) methods including moving least squares (MLS), point interpolation methods (PIM), and hp-clouds.
- 8.4.1.3 Local radial point interpolation methods (LRPIM) using finite difference representations
- 8.4.1.4 Radial basis functions (RBFs)
- 8.4.2 Example cases - Heat Transfer
- 8.4.2.1 Heat transfer in a 2-D plate.
- 8.4.2.2 Singular point in a 2-D domain
- 8.4.2.3 Heat transfer within an irregular domain
- 8.4.2.4 Natural Convection
- 8.5 Molecular Modeling
- 8.6 Boundary Conditions for Mass Transport Analysis.
- 8.7 Comments
- 9. Turbulence Modeling
- 9.1 Brief History of Turbulence Formulation
- 9.2 Physical Model
- 9.2.1 Turbulent flow
- 9.2.2 Two-equation turbulence closure models
- 9.2.2.1 Two-equation k-ε
- 9.2.2.2 Two-equation k-w
- 9.2.3 Large Eddy Simulation (LES).
- 9.2.4 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)
- 9.2.5 Turbulent transport of energy or enthalpy.
- 9.2.6 Derivation of enthalpy transport
- 9.2.7 Turbulent energy transport
- 9.2.8 Turbulent transport species
- 9.2.9 Coupled fluid-thermal flow
- 9.3 Numerical Modeling
- 9.3.1 Projection algorithm
- 9.3.2 Finite volume approach
- 9.3.3 Finite element approach
- 9.3.3.1 Weak forms of the governing equations.
- 9.3.3.2 Matrix equations.
- 9.3.3.3 Time advancement of the explicit/implicit matrix equations
- 9.3.3.4 Mass lumping
- 9.3.3.5 General numerical solution.
- 9.4 Stability and Time Dependent Solution
- 9.5 Boundary Conditions.
- 9.5.1 Boundary conditions for velocity under decomposition
- 9.5.1.1 Viscous boundary condition for velocity
- 9.5.2 Boundary conditions for pressure and velocity correction.
- 9.5.3 Boundary conditions for turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate
- 9.5.4 Boundary conditions for thermal and species transport
- 9.5.5 Thermal and species flux calculation in the presence of Dirichlet boundaries
- 9.6 Validation of Turbulence Models
- 9.7 Comments
- 10. Homeland Security Issues
- 10.1 Introduction.
- 10.2 Potential Hazards
- 10.2.1 Prevention and protection.
- 10.3 A Simple Model
- 10.3.1 Example - analytical model of anthrax dispersion:
- 10.3.2 Example - numerical model of anthrax dispersion:
- 10.4 Other Indoor Air Quality Models
- 10.4.1 CONTAM 2.4 (NIST).
- 10.4.2 I-BEAM (EPA)
- 10.4.3 COMIS-MIAQ (APTG-LBNL)
- 10.4.4 FLOVENT (Flomerics, Inc.)
- 10.5 Comments
- Appendix A Diffusion Coefficients in Gas
- Appendix B 2-D Office Simulations: COMSOL and ANSWER Software
- B.1 COMSOL Model - Report Output
- B.1.1 Model properties
- B.1.2 Geometry
- B.1.2.1 Geom1
- B.1.2.2 Point mode
- B.1.2.3 Boundary mode
- B.1.2.4 Subdomain mode
- B.1.3 Geom 1
- B.1.4.1 Mesh statistics
- B.1.5 Application mode: Incompressible Navier-Stokes
- B.1.5.1 Application mode properties
- B.1.5.2 Variables
- B.1.5.3 Boundary settings
- B.1.5.4 Subdomain settings
- B.1.6 Application mode: Convection and diffusion
- B.1.6.1 Application mode properties
- B.1.6.2 Variables
- B.1.6.3 Boundary settings
- B.1.6.4 Subdomain settings
- B.1.7 Solver settings
- B.1.7.1 Direct (PARDISO)
- B.1.7.2 Stationary
- B.1.7.3 Advanced
- B.1.8 Postprocessing
- B.2 ANSWER Model
- B.2.1 Answer input deck
- B.2.2 Answer solutions
- Bibliography
- Index