Root-knot Nematodes

Root-knot nematodes are the most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, and their control presents a major global challenge. This comprehensive guide covers the taxonomy, classification, morphology, life-cycle biology, genomes, resistance, sampling, detection, and manag...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Perry, R
Other Authors: Moens, Maurice, Starr, J.L
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Wallingford : CABI, 2009
Edition:1st ed
Subjects:
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505 0 |a Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Meloidogyne species - a Diverse Group of Novel and 1 Important Plant Parasites -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Impact -- 1.3 History of the Genus -- 1.4 Current Trends in Species Identification -- 1.5 Life Cycle -- 1.5.1 Incompatible host reactions -- 1.6 Diversity in Biology -- 1.6.1 Concept of host races -- 1.7 Major and Emerging Species -- 1.7.1 Meloidogyne enterolobii (= Meloidogyne mayaguensis) -- 1.7.2 Meloidogyne paranaensis -- 1.7.3 Meloidogyne fallax and Meloidogyne chitwoodi -- 1.7.4 Meloidogyne minor -- 1.8 Interactions with Other Plant Pathogens -- 1.9 Management and Control -- 1.10 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 1.11 References -- 2 General Morphology -- 2.1 General Morphology -- 2.1.1 Second-stage juvenile -- 2.1.2 Male -- 2.1.3 Female -- 2.1.4 Egg -- 2.2 Body Wall -- 2.2.1 Cuticle -- 2.2.2 Hypodermis -- 2.2.3 Somatic muscles -- 2.3 Nervous System -- 2.3.1 Cephalic sensory structures -- 2.3.2 Caudal sensory structures -- 2.4 Digestive System -- 2.4.1 Stoma and pharynx -- 2.4.2 Intestine -- 2.4.3 Rectum -- 2.5 Secretory-Excretory System -- 2.6 Reproductive System -- 2.6.1 Second-stage juvenile -- 2.6.2 Male -- 2.6.3 Female -- 2.7 Morphological Methods -- 2.8 Minimum Standards for Describing a New Species -- 2.8.1 The text -- 2.8.2 The figures -- 2.9 References -- 3 Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 History -- 3.1.2 Major reference sources -- 3.1.3 Rate of species descriptions -- 3.1.4 Recent advances in characterization -- 3.2 Systematic Position -- 3.3 Subfamily and Genus Diagnosis -- 3.4 List of Species and Synonyms -- 3.5 Identification -- 3.5.1 General techniques -- 3.5.2 Perineal pattern -- 3.5.3 Root staining -- 3.5.4 Scanning electron microscopy -- 3.5.5 Diagnostic characters 
505 8 |a 10.4 Basis for Interactions -- 10.5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 10.6 References -- 11 Population Dynamics and Damage Levels -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Patterns of Population Dynamics -- 11.3 Factors Affecting Population Dynamics -- 11.3.1 The nematode species -- 11.3.2 Crop and cropping system -- 11.3.3 The season -- 11.3.4 The soil -- 11.4 Modelling Population Dynamics -- 11.5 Damage Levels -- 11.6 Pattern of Nematode Damage to Crop Plants -- 11.7 Factors Affecting Nematode Damage -- 11.7.1 Nematode species and population level -- 11.7.2 Soil and environmental conditions -- 11.7.3 Crop and cropping system -- 11.8 Modelling Damage Levels -- 11.9 Implementing Experiments to Assess Nematode Dynamics and Crop Damage -- 11.9.1 Preparation and type of inoculum -- 11.9.2 Glasshouse experiments -- 11.9.3 Field experiments -- 11.9.4 Microplots -- 11.9.5 Maintenance of experiments -- 11.9.6 Fitting the models to data -- 11.10 Yield Loss Assessment -- 11.11 Importance of Information on Nematode Damage Levels and Dynamics in Management Strategies -- 11.12 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 11.13 Acknowledgements -- 11.14 References -- 12 Sampling Root-knot Nematodes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nematode Spatial Patterns -- 12.3 Characterizing Sample Accuracy and Reliability -- 12.4 Sample Processing -- 12.5 Extracting Nematodes from Soil -- 12.6 Extracting Nematodes from Plant Material -- 12.7 Root Gall Indices -- 12.8 Other Plant Symptoms -- 12.9 Research to Optimize Sampling Programmes for Root-knot Nematodes -- 12.10 Examples of Results from Sampling Programmes -- 12.10.1 Surveys -- 12.10.2 Field experimentation -- 12.11 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 12.12 References -- 13 Mechanisms and Genetics of Resistance -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sources and Inheritance of Root-knot Nematode Resistance 
505 8 |a 13.3 Mechanisms of Resistance to Pathogens in Plants 
505 8 |a 3.5.6 Root-knot or cyst-forming nematode? -- 3.5.7 Differential host test -- 3.5.8 Gall form -- 3.5.9 Isozyme phenotyping -- 3.5.10 Molecular diagnostics -- 3.6 Principal Species -- 3.6.1 Meloidogyne arenaria -- 3.6.2 Meloidogyne hapla -- 3.6.3 Meloidogyne incognita -- 3.6.4 Meloidogyne javanica -- 3.6.5 Meloidogyne acronea -- 3.6.6 Meloidogyne chitwoodi -- 3.6.7 Meloidogyne enterolobii -- 3.6.8 Meloidogyne ethiopica -- 3.6.9 Meloidogyne exigua -- 3.6.10 Meloidogyne fallax -- 3.6.11 Meloidogyne graminicola -- 3.6.12 Meloidogyne paranaensis -- 3.7 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 3.8 Acknowledgements -- 3.9 References -- 4 Biochemical and Molecular Identification -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biochemical Methods -- 4.2.1 Isozymes -- 4.2.2 Antibodies -- 4.3 DNA-based Methods -- 4.3.1 DNA extraction -- 4.3.2 Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) -- 4.3.3 Satellite DNA probes and PCR -- 4.3.4 Ribosomal DNA PCR -- 4.3.5 Mitochondrial DNA -- 4.3.6 Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs) -- 4.3.7 Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) -- 4.3.8 Other PCR targets -- 4.3.9 Real-time PCR -- 4.3.10 Microarrays -- 4.4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 4.5 Acknowledgements -- 4.6 References -- 5 Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The History of Reconstructing Meloidogyne Phylogenetic History -- 5.3 Molecular Phylogenetics: Genetic Markers and Evolutionary Relationships -- 5.3.1 Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences -- 5.3.2 Orthologous nuclear genes -- 5.3.3 Mitochondrial DNA -- 5.3.4 Phylogenomics -- 5.4 A Meloidogyne Supertree Analysis -- 5.5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 5.6 References -- 6 Hatch and Host Location -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hatching -- 6.2.1 General hatching response -- 6.2.2 Hatching mechanism -- 6.2.3 Dependence on root exudates -- 6.2.4 Egg numbers and embryogenesis 
505 8 |a 6.3 Movement Through Soil -- 6.3.1 How root-knot juveniles move -- 6.3.2 Factors influencing rate of movement -- 6.3.3 Plant-independent factors influencing the direction of nematode movement -- 6.4 Host Location -- 6.4.1 General considerations -- 6.4.2 Heat -- 6.4.3 Soil gases -- 6.4.4 Uniquely plant-specific compounds -- 6.5 Nematode Changes and Responses at the Root-Soil Interface -- 6.5.1 Chemical communication at the root-soil interface -- 6.5.2 Perturbing chemosensory perception -- 6.5.3 Surface cuticle changes in response to environmental signals -- 6.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 6.7 References -- 7 Invasion, Feeding and Development -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Root-knot Nematode Life Cycle -- 7.3 Nematode Parasitism -- 7.4 Compatible Interactions with Resistant Plants: the Case of Virulent Root-knot Nematodes -- 7.5 (A)virulence Determinants and Pathogenicity Factors: Root-knot Nematode Effectors with Dual Function? -- 7.6 Tools for Molecular and Functional Analysis of Root-knot Nematode Parasitism -- 7.7 Giant Cell Development -- 7.8 Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Cycle Progression During Giant Cell Ontogenesis -- 7.9 Extensive Cell Wall Modifications to Build Up Giant Cells -- 7.10 Suppression of Plant Defence Associated with Giant Cell Development -- 7.11 Major Reprogramming of Plant Metabolism and Transport -- 7.12 Comparison between Meloidogyne Parasitism and Symbiotic Rhizobia in Medicago -- 7.13 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 7.14 Acknowledgements -- 7.15 References -- 8 Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Reproduction and Moulting -- 8.2.1 Reproduction mechanisms and cytogenetics -- 8.2.2 Moulting -- 8.3 Physiology -- 8.3.1 Respiration -- 8.3.2 Effects of osmotic and ionic stress -- 8.3.3 Secretory-excretory products -- 8.4 Biochemistry -- 8.4.1 Enzymes -- 8.4.2 Other proteins 
505 8 |a 8.4.3 Amino acids and sugars -- 8.4.4 Neuropeptides -- 8.4.5 Complex carbohydrates and lipids -- 8.4.6 Steroids -- 8.5 Sensory Perception and Neurotransmission -- 8.5.1 Sensory perception -- 8.5.2 Neurotransmission -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 8.7 References -- 9 Survival Mechanisms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Dormancy, Diapause and Quiescence -- 9.3 Embryonation and the Egg Mass Environment -- 9.3.1 The egg mass -- 9.3.2 The effect of soil moisture -- 9.3.3 The effect of soil aeration -- 9.3.4 Other roles for the egg mass -- 9.3.5 The egg mass and dormancy -- 9.4 Temperature Effects on Development of Eggs and Infective Stages -- 9.4.1 Temperature as an isolated factor -- 9.4.2 Low temperature survival -- 9.4.3 The influence of soil type and moisture content on temperature effects -- 9.4.4 A case study investigating factors affecting infectivity of Meloidogyne javanica J2 -- 9.4.5 Overwintering of adult stages -- 9.4.6 Diapause in Meloidogyne naasi -- 9.4.7 A critique of de Guiran's use of 'diapause' as an explanation of late-emerging J2 -- 9.5 The Effect of Osmotic Stress on Infective Stages in Soil -- 9.6 Survival Mechanisms Deployed: Life History Strategies in Meloidogyne Species -- 9.6.1 Meloidogyne javanica -- 9.6.2 Meloidogyne arenaria -- 9.6.3 Meloidogyne incognita -- 9.6.4 Meloidogyne hapla -- 9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 9.8 References -- 10 Interactions with Other Pathogens -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Interactions with Microbial Pathogens -- 10.2.1 Vascular wilt pathogens -- 10.2.2 Root-rot pathogens -- 10.2.3 More recently described disease complexes -- 10.3 Interactions with Other Plant-parasitic Nematodes -- 10.3.1 Interactions and parasitic habits -- 10.3.2 Sequential infections -- 10.3.3 Additive interaction -- 10.3.4 Competition -- 10.3.5 Interactions between Meloidogyne species -- 10.3.6 Effect on host 
520 |a Root-knot nematodes are the most economically important group of plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, and their control presents a major global challenge. This comprehensive guide covers the taxonomy, classification, morphology, life-cycle biology, genomes, resistance, sampling, detection, and management strategies of these pests 
588 |a Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources 
650 0 |a Root-knot nematodes -- Control 
650 0 |a Root-knot nematodes 
700 1 |a Moens, Maurice 
700 1 |a Starr, J.L 
776 0 8 |i Print version:  |a Perry, R  |t Root-knot Nematodes  |d Wallingford : CABI,c2009  |z 9781845934927 
999 1 0 |i 6290b635-93f1-4215-b58a-78acbdd12574  |l 9977919125903681  |s US-PU  |m root_knot_nematodes________________________________________________________2009____1__cabi_a________________________________________perry__r___________________________e